To determine the conditions for seed germination

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Aim	To determine the conditions for seed germination
Problem Statement	What conditions are needed for a seed to germinate?
Variables	A seed will germinate only if there is water, air and suitable temperature (warmth)
Materials	Seeds, oil, cotton, cooled boiled water, labeling paper
Apparatus	Test tube, refrigerator, test tube rack
Procedure	Four test tubes labeled A, B, C and D were prepared with their contents as shown in diagram above. Test tubes A, B and C were placed in the laboratory, and test tube D was placed in the refrigerator. The seeds were observed after 2 days.
Results	Test tube Presence of Germination of seeds Water Air Warmth A √ √ √ Germinate B X √ √ Does not germinate C √ X √ Does not germinate D √ √ X Does not germinate                                         A germinated seed
Discussion	From the experiment above, seeds only in the presence of water, air and suitable temperature (warmth).  He seed will not germinate even though only one of the above factors is absent.
Conclusion	Hypothesis is accepted. A seed will germinate only if there is water, air and suitable temperature (warmth).

2010 PMR Science Paper 2 (Continuation)

8.  Diagram 8.1 shows the same student lifting two bags of different masses onto a table.

(a) Based on the observation in Diagram 8.1:

(i) Compare the difference in work done between situation L and situation M.

     Work done in situation L is less than in situation M

(ii) State one relationship between the mass of the bag and the time taken to lift it.

     The heavier the bag, the more the time taken to lift the bag

(iii) Write one inference about the bag in situation L.

     Bag in L is lighter because the time taken to lift it is shorter

(b) A student lifts up three weights of different values from the floor onto a table using a spring balance.  Diagram 8.2 shows three readings of the spring balance in P, Q and R.

      Table 8 shows the readings of the spring balance in P, Q and R.

Spring balance	Mass of weight (kg)	Reading of spring balance (N)
P	10	100
Q	15	150
R	20	200

                                                             Table 8

(i) Based on Diagram 8.3, state the reading of the spring balance.       250N

(ii) Based on the data in Table 8, draw a line graph of the readings of the spring balance against the mass of the weight.

Transfer all points correctly : 1 mark
Joint all correct points smoothly : 1 mark
(iv) State the variable involved in this activity.

Responding variable	Reading of spring balance
Manipulated variable	Mass of weight

(c) (i) State the operational definition of work done in Diagram 8.1.

         Work done is the time taken to lift the bag

(ii)  Diagram 8.4 shows four everyday activities, S, T, U and W.

Based on the operational definition of work done in 8(c)(i), classify the activities in Diagram 8.4 based on work done.

Classification	Activities
Work done	S, U
No work done	T, W

                                      *********The End*********

2010 PMR Science Paper 2 (Continuation)

7.  Diagram 7 shows the apparatus set-up to study the fractional distillation of petroleum.

(a) (i) Based on the observation in Diagram 7, record the readings of thermometer in L and N into Table 7.1.

Reading of thermometer	Temperature (oC)
L	36
M	52
N	88

(ii) Compare the colour of the distillate in fraction 2 and fraction 3.

    The colour of the distillate in fraction 2 is lighter than in fraction 3.

(iii) State one hypothesis that can be made from this study.

     The higher the temperature, the darker the colour of the distillate.

(b) State the variables involved in this study.

Manipulated variable	Temperature
Responding variable	Distillate colour

 

(c) Table 7 .2 shows the result of this study.

(i) Based on the result in Table 7 .2, state one inference about the soot produced during the burning of the distillate.

    As the temperature/boiling point increases, more soot is produced because the fraction is less combustible.

(ii) Predict the colour of the distillate if the temperature is more than 200^oC.

     Darker than yellow//dark yellow //brown

2010 PMR Science Paper 2 (Continuation)

5 (a) Diagram 5.1 shows two syringes, P and Q, before and after compression. Syringe P is filled with substance L and syringe Q is filled with substance M.

    (i) Write the state of matter of substance M.     Gas

    (ii) State one step to increase the pressure in syringe Q.

         Push the piston // Decrease the volume

   (iii) Compare the arrangement of particles of substance L and substance M.

         The arrangement of particles in substance M are further apart than the particles in substance L.

 

    (b) Diagram 5.2 shows a student sucking water using a straw.

          Based on the principle of air pressure, state why this student is able to suck the water.

          Pressure inside the straw is lower than outside the straw // Pressure outside the straw is higher than inside the straw

     

     (c) Diagram 5.3 shows a plunger used to clear a blocked pipe.

          (i) Compare the air pressure at K and the air pressure at L.

               Pressure at K is higher than at L

          (ii) State how to use a plunger to clear the blocked pipe.

               Push and pull // press and pull // pump and pull 

         (iii) Give one reason for the answer in 5(c)(ii).

               When the plunger is pushed/pulled, the air pressure under the rubber sucker is

       reduced/ lowered/ decreased

6. The following are steps in an investigation to study the transport system in a plant.

     (a) Why is the exposed ringed area wiped with paraffin?

         To prevent it from drying /dehydrating // prevent from infection             

     (b) Diagram 6.2 shows the exposed ringed area before and after three weeks.

      (i)  What happens to the upper part of the exposed ringed area after three weeks?

            Swollen // bigger

     (ii)  Give one reason for the answer in 6(b)(i).

           Food/glucose cannot get into tissue below the ring // food is accumulated.

     (iii) What is the function of phloem?

           Transport food/glucose

     (c) Diagram 6.3 shows the exposed ringed area covered with soil instead of paraffin. After a few months, the roots grow. This is one method of reproduction.

      (i) State the type of this reproduction.

          Asexual /vegetative reproduction

     (ii) Give one advantage of the reproduction stated in 6(c)(i).

          Produces plant/offspring faster // maintains good quality of the parent// matures faster // saves cost 

     (d) Diagram 6.4 shows a piece of wire tied tightly around a tree trunk. This has a negative effect on the growth of the tree after many years.

      (i) Suggest one way to avoid the negative effect on the growth of this tree.

          Put / place wood/cloth/tyre in between wire and tree trunk

     (ii) Give one reason for the answer in 6(d)(i).

          Phloem will not be damaged// Food can be transported to the bottom of plant
          To be continued..........

 

    

2010 PMR Science Paper 2 (Continuation)

3. (a) Diagram 3 shows two jars, P and Q, containing fish. Both the jars are placed in a room.     

(i) In which jar will the fish die first? - P

(ii) Give two reasons for the answer in 3(a)(i).

    1: Shortage/no oxygen/air  2 : No food

(b) Explain why the fish in one of the jars can still be alive after two days.

     Has water weed/plant that supplies oxygen

(c) Why does a whale need to rise regularly to the surface of water?

     To get air/oxygen// to breath  

4 (a) Diagram 4.1 shows a pond ecosystem.

(i) Write the name of one population that is a part of this pond ecosystem.

     Water weed//lotus//plant //fish //frog//tadpole//toad//dragonfly//mosquito larva

(ii) State one producer.

     Water weed//lotus//plant    

(iii) Give one reason for the answer in 4(a)(ii).

      Produces its own food// supply food// undergoes photosynthesis  

(b) Diagram 4.2 shows a food web in an oil palm estate. The number for each type of the organisms is shown in the bracket.

Based on Diagram 4.2:

(i) Construct any one food chain which consists of four organisms in this habitat.

Oil palm tree--> grasshopper --> frog --> snake // 

Oil palm tree--> caterpillar --> cock --> eagle //   

Oil palm tree--> caterpillar --> sparrow --> snake

(ii) Complete the following pyramid of numbers in Diagram 4.3 using the food chain constructed in 4(b)(i).

Eg  : Snake    ------> 8

        frog       ------> 80
        grasshopper--> 700
        Oil palm tree-->6000
To be continued........

Writing inference

***Please Take Note***
From next year onwards (2011), the old way of writing inference will not be accepted anymore.
The correct way of writing inference is the answer must have cause and effect (with reason).
eg : Write one inference about the beg in situation L.
Ans : Bag in L is lighter because the time taken to lift it is shorter.
eg : Write one inference about the soot produced during the burning of the distillate.
Ans : As the boiling points gets higher, more soot is produced because the fraction is less combustible. 

2010 PMR Science Paper 2

1 (a) Diagram 1 shows three laboratory apparatus, P, Q and R.
        Name P, Q and R using the words given in the box below.

P = Bunsen burner  

Q = Tripod stand

R = Beaker

(b) Draw lines to match the laboratory apparatus with its function.

Stopwatch = Measures time

Calipers     = Measures diameter

Spring balance = Measures weight

2. Diagram 2 shows a 3-pin plug with 13A fuse.

(a) State the name of wire Q. -- Live wire

(b) Complete Table 2 by writing the international colour code used for the wire.

Type of wire Jenis wayar	International colour code Kod warna antarabangsa
Live wire Wayar hidup	Brown//red
Neutral wire Wayar neutral	Blue//black
Earth wire Wayar bumi	Yellow with green stripes Kuning dengan jalur hijau

(c) State one function of fuse.

      Protects the circuit//prevents short circuit//controls excess current.

(d) What might happen to an electrical appliance if the wires in the 3-pin plug are wrongly connected?

      Will not function//No current flow

(e)  If 15A current flows through a 3-pin plug, predict what will happen to the fuse in the plug.

      Will not function//will melt//breaks down

      To be continued.......